CBSE Class 12 Question Paper 2026 Solution KTPI

FOR CBSE CLASS 12 EXAM PREPARATION

CBSE Class 12 2026
Question Paper
Solution · KTPI
EXAM YEAR TYPE SUBJECT

CBSE Class 12 2026 Question Paper Solution KTPI

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Strictly Confidential a
Marking Scheme

(For Internal and Restricted use only)
Senior Secondary School Examination, 2026 (XIIth)
SUBJECT NAME : Knowledge Traditions and Practices of India
(Q.P. CODE 073/39)

General Instructions: -
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1 The CBSE has decided to introduce On Screen Marking (OSM) for the evaluation of
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Class XII answer Book with the 2026 Examination.

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You are aware that evaluation is the most important process in the actual and correct
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assessment of the candidates. A small mistake in evaluation may lead to serious
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problems which may affect the future of the candidates, education system and
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teaching profession. To avoid mistakes, it is requested that before starting evaluation,
you must read and understand the spot evaluation guidelines carefully.
3 “Evaluation policy is a confidential policy as it is related to the confidentiality
of the examinations conducted, evaluation done and several other aspects. Its
leakage to public in any manner could lead to derailment of the examination
system and affect the life and future of millions of candidates. Sharing this
policy/document to anyone, publishing in any magazine and printing in
Newspaper/Website, etc. may invite action under various rules of the Board
and IPC.”
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Evaluation is to be done as per instructions provided in the Marking Scheme. It should

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not be done according to one’s own interpretation or any other consideration. Marking

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Scheme should be strictly adhered to and religiously followed. However, while

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evaluating, answers which are based on latest information or knowledge and/or

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are innovative, they may be assessed for their correctness otherwise and due
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marks be awarded to them. In Class-XII, while evaluating two competency-
based questions, please try to understand given answer and even if reply is not
from marking scheme but correct competency is enumerated by the candidate,
due marks should be awarded.
5 The Marking scheme carries only suggested value points for the answers.
These are in the nature of Guidelines only and do not constitute the complete answer.
The students can have their own expression and if the expression is correct, the due
marks should be awarded accordingly.
6 The Head-Examiner must go through the first five answer books evaluated by each
evaluator on the first day, to ensure that evaluation has been carried out as per the
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instructions given in the Marking Scheme. If there is any variation, the same should

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be zero after deliberation and discussion. The remaining answer books meant for

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evaluation shall be given only after ensuring that there is no significant variation in

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Evaluators will mark ( √ ) wherever answer is correct. For wrong answer CROSS ‘X’
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be marked. Evaluators will not put right (✓) while evaluating which gives an
impression that answer is correct and no marks are awarded. This is most common
mistake which evaluators are committing.
8 If a question has parts, please award marks on the right-hand side for each part in
the OSM Portal. Marks awarded for different parts of the question will be totaled up
by the OSM System.
9 If a question does not have any parts, marks must be awarded in the left-hand margin
in the OSM Portal. This may also be followed strictly.

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10 No marks to be deducted for the cumulative effect of an error. It should be penalized
only once.
11 A full scale of marks __________ (example 0 to 80/70/60/50/40/30 marks as given in
Question Paper) has to be used. Please do not hesitate to award full marks if the
answer deserves it.
12 Every examiner has to necessarily do evaluation work for full working hours i.e., 8
hours every day and evaluate 20 answer books per day in main subjects and 25
answer books per day in other subjects (Details are given in Spot Guidelines).This is
in view of the reduced syllabus and number of questions in question paper.
13 Ensure that you do not make the following common types of errors committed by the
Examiner in the past :-
● Answers marked as correct, but marks not awarded. (Ensure that the right tick
mark is correctly and clearly indicated. It should merely be a line. Same is with
the X for incorrect answer.)
● Half or a part of answer marked correct and the rest as wrong, but no marks
awarded.
14 While evaluating the answer books if the answer is found to be totally incorrect, it
should be marked as cross (X) and awarded zero (0) Marks.
15 The Examiners should acquaint themselves with the guidelines given in the
“Guidelines for Spot Evaluation” before starting the actual evaluation.
16 The candidates are entitled to obtain photocopy of the Answer Book on request on
payment of the prescribed processing fee. All Examiners/Additional Head
Examiners/Head Examiners are once again reminded that they must ensure that
evaluation is carried out strictly as per value points for each answer as given in the
Marking Scheme.
17 If a candidate attempts both alternatives/options in a question where only one
option/ alternative is required to be attempted, the Evaluator shall award marks
in both the options. The system will take the higher of two scores and
disregard the other response.
18 In a question having two options/alternatives, if a candidate has attempted only
one, then the evaluator shall mark “NA” (Not attempted) against the option that
has not been attempted by the candidate.

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MARKING SCHEME
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Knowledge Traditions and Practices of India (Subject Code-073)
(PAPER CODE : 39) (P39073)
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Q.No. QUESTION MARK
Chater name
and number
SECTION – I

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1. Study the picture and answer the question that follows: 1
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CH 4-
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Educational
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Practices &
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Systems

Which of the following option best describes the given picture ?
(a) A view of the ruins of the ancient Nalanda University, Bihar.
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(b) Traditional structure at the district of Coimbatore.

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(c) A view of the University of Nadia in Bengal.

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(d) Residences for scholars at Dholavira.
Answer: (a)
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2.

3. Match the items in Column A with of Column B. 1
Column A Column B CH 5-Ethics

third stage of āśramas (i)
(1) Eight fold path
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(2) (ii) A small manual on civil and criminal
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Options
(a) (1)-(ii), (2)-(i), (3)-(iv), (4)-(iii)
(b) (1)-(iii), (2)-(ii), (3)-(iv), (4)-(i)
(c) (1)-(iv), (2)-(i), (3)-(ii), (4)-(iii)
(d) (1)-(iv), (2)-(iii), (3)-(ii), (4)-(i)

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Answer: (d)
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4. Study the picture and answer the question that follows: 1
CH 6-Martial
Arts

Which of the following options best signifies this particular marital art called
Gadka ?
(a) It is training in remote resistance of or attack on an enemy.
(b) A wooden stick and a shield are usually used in the sparring match and
points are scored when vital points in the body are touched.
(c) The practice of this marital art form requires training with dangerous
weapons dagger, mace, sword.
(d) The training involved encircling the pillar with twisting movements.
Answer: (b)

5. Harappan craftsmen took bead-making to a different level. Their favourite 1
semiprecious stones were, __________. CH 8-Other
(a) jasper and soapstone Technologies
(b) agate and jasper
(c) soapstone and carnelian
(d) synthetic faience and agate
Answer: (b)
Note: In questions 6-13.

6. There are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and a Reason (R). Mark 1
your answer as per codes provided below. CH 1-
Assertion (A): A good quality land yields good results to everyone, confers Agriculture –
good health on the entire family and causes growth of money, cattle and grain. a survey
Reason (R): Seeds which are treated and preserved are all good for use.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, (R) is true.
Answer: (b)

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Assertion (A): Saunaka asked: Revered sir, what is that aby the knowing of 1
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which all this becomes known ?
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Reason (R): A mere intellectual apprehension of truth, a reasoned conviction, Educational
is sufficient. Practices &
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). systems
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, (R) is true.
Answer: (c)
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. with short bamboo sticks roughly of two-palm length. 1 s em
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8. Kuruntadi is played
Kuruntadieis performed to the accompaniment of drums and music and each CH 6-Martial l
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ais aimed vital spots of the human body. It is an art that gives training in Artsag
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stroke
a combat.
physical
Assertion (A): It is an art that is performed to the accompaniment of drums and
music.
Reason (R): Each stroke of this art form is not aimed at the whole body.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, (R) is false.
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(d) (A) is false, (R) is true.

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Answer: (c)
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Assertion (A): The Arthasastraggives
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that a bull, cow or buffalo should CH 1-
Reason (R): Maintenance of pastures far from villages was encouraged. Agriulture-
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Survey
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, (R) is true.
Answer: (c)
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There are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and a Reason (R). Mark
a
1

as your answer as per the codes provided below.
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Assertion (A): In ancient India, pupils were trained to guide their life in Educational
consonance with dharma. Practices &
Reason (R): The student and the teacher had a symbiotic relationship and systems
students.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, (R) is true.
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Answer: (b)
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11. Assertion (A): It is only by performing one’s righteous duties or dharma that 1
one can hope to attain the supreme path to the highest good. CH 5-Ethics
Reason (R): It is dharma alone that gives both prosperity and the supreme
spiritual good (niśryas).
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, (R) is true.
Answer: (a)

12. Gonitaka is divided in two varieties, the large and the small. … This traditional 1
stone ring occurs in two varieties. … It requires to be lifted, swung, put on CH 6-Martial
head etc. This large gonitaka is useful in developing thigh, neck and the whole Arts
body.
Assertion (A): The large Gonitaka is useful in developing thigh, neck and the
whole body.
Reason (R): Gonitaka is a type of exercise done with stone rings.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, (R) is true.
Answer: (a)

13. Assertion (A): At Dholavira Baked or mud bricks was the only building 1
material used. CH 8-Other
Reason (R): In the Rann of Kachchh, stone was also used on a huge scale. Technologies
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) A is true, (R) is false.
(d) A is false, (R) is true.
Answer: (d)

14. The MuàÅaka Upaniîad talks about two kinds of knowledge. They are the 1
higher knowledge and the lower knowledge. To whom should the teacher CH 4-
impart higher knowledge the knowledge of Brahman ? Eduational
(a) who would work exactly as the teacher says Practices &
(b) who is stable and can follow guidelines of the discipline systems
(c) who is a master in Vedas, the Yajurveda, the Sāmaveda and the
Atharvaveda
(d) whose mind is completely serene and whose senses are controlled
Answer: (d)
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Study the following picture and the textual description given below and answer 1
the question. Choose the most appropriate option.
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Technologies

Text Material
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Wells have been made in many shapes – circular, square, vertical or horizontal
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– and sizes and with bricks, stone or terracotta rings. There is a long way from
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Dholavira’s modest step well to those of classical times, especially in Gujarat
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and Rajasthan, which are not only engineering marvels but works of art.
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We can infer that, wells in Gujarat and Rajasthan
(a) were made in desired shapes
(b) were engineering marvels
(c) were made of bricks only
(d) had better architectural designs
Options
(i) (a) and (d)
(ii) (a) and (b)
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(iii) (a) and (c)
(iv) (b) and (d)
Answer: (iv)
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Study the text given below and answer the question. Choose the most 1
appropriate option. CH 8-Other
Text Material Technologies
The Mahābhārata views the digging of water reservoirs as far more important
than that of wells. Indeed, a tank restores water to the earth, while a well draws
from it. For building or improving irrigation facilities the exemptions from
payment of water rates shall be granted. …Waterworks such as reservoirs,
embankments and tanks can be privately owned and the owner shall be free to
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sell or mortgage them. The ownership of tanks shall lapse, if they had not been
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in use for a period of five years, except in cases of distress.

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We can infer that:
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a (c) causing any kind of obstruction in water management work was
penalized.
(d) it is better to dig wells.
Options
(i) (a) and (d)
(ii) (a) and (b)
(iii) (c) and (d)
(iv) (a) and (c)
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Answer: (ii)

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16. Which of the following is not a feature of Buddhist Ethics ? 1
(a) It believes in alleviating the suffering humanity. CH 5-Ethics
(b) It believes that prayers and rituals will completely remove the suffering
of humanity.
(c) The ethical values are based on the life and teachings of the Buddha.
(d) It believes that there is way to remove suffering.
Answer: (b)

SECTION - II

17. Question 2 (1+1)
Every religious and every philosophical system of India has a prominent ethical CH 5-Ethics
component. Comment on the statement highlighting the ethical component in
Jainism.
Answer
Jainism is another important religion of this land. It places great emphasis on
three most important things in life, called three gems (triratna). These are: right
vision (samyakadçîòī), right knowledge (samyakajñāna) and right conduct
(samayakacāritra). There are other moral principles governing the life of Jains.
Most important of these are ideas of puàya (merit) and papa (demerit). Such
deeds are very imported from the ethical point of view. Pāpa is the result of evil
deeds generated by vice and puàya is the result of good deeds generated by
virtuous conduct. The most important thing is the practice of non violence.
This principle should be followed in thought, word and deeds. Other cardinal
virtues are forgiveness, humility, austerity, restrain, purity, truthfulness,
renunciation and celibacy.

18. What were the duties of ‘superintendent of cattle’ according to Arthaśāstra ? 2
Answer CH 1-
Arthaśāstra notes the ‘superintendent of cattle’, who supervised livestock in the Agricuture -a
country kept a census of livestock and ensured their proper rearing. Livestock survey
was classified as tame steers, draft oxen, bulls to be trained to yoke, stud bulls,
livestock reared for meat, buffaloes and draft buffaloes, female calves, heifers,
pregnant cows, milking cows, barren livestock (either cows or buffaloes) and
calves up to two months old.

19. The humblest but perhaps most important water structure was the village pond 2(1+1)
or reservoir. What made it important was its ability to recharge ground water,
CH 8-Other
but also its being connected to many neighbouring ponds – sometimes in
Technologies
networks extending over hundreds of kilometres, as in Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu. Such networks, which enabled water-rich areas to contribute to less
favoured ones, were maintained by village committees.

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Comment on the statement and provide two examples/ methods of conservation
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of water in present day.
Answer a
In ancient India people harvested and conserved water and managed its
distribution with great care. Community interdependence – which enabled
water-rich areas to contribute to less favoured ones. Village pond or reservoirs
was not only and a vital source of water but also recharged ground water in
present days.
• Ground water recharge – rain water harvesting.
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• Recycling of gray water.
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Any other relevant opinion may be accepted.

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e training, the kalari expert also becomes a healer.” Analyse the 2 gla s
20.
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“After the
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statement.
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Answer
CH
Arts
The final stage of training involves Ayurvedic treatments for body and mind,
techniques of marma (vital points) and therapeutic massages. The student
learns how to treat injuries and diseases resulting from trauma. It was also
common for medical practitioners to train in kalarippayattu. In fact, there has
been a vigorous exchange of medical knowledge, especially concerning
marmas, massage and trauma management, between the traditions of Ayurveda
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and kalarippayattu.

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“A true knowledge of ethics would be attained if one practices and imbibes 2
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these moral values.” Analyse the statement. CH 5-Ethics
Answer
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Ethics is the core of all systems. Good moral conduct is considered essential
for a happy and contented life. Without following the path of righteousness no
one can attain supreme goal (mokîa) of life. For this one has to perform good
deeds and avoid wrong-doing. Practicing moral values in daily life will ensure
that we lead a contented life.

22. Highlight any two aspects of guru-sisyaparamparā that will have a 2 (1+1)

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meaningful impact, if incorporated in present day education system.
. com CH 4-
c. o Answer
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Students can present their views :
s • Personal needs – In the Guru-Shishya parampara of Vedic times, the
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a needs of every student.
• Individual learning needs – The Guru would differentiate the education
and skills taught to each student based on individual needs.
• Oral Education & debates.
Any other relevant opinion may be accepted.

23. If you were to introduce any one Indian traditional martial art form in your 2
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school, which one would that be and why?
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Answer CH 6-Martial
Students can share their views – Any relevant opinion be accepted Arts
SECTION – III
Q. No. QUESTION MARK
Chapter
name and
number
24. The dress worn by the Indians is made of cotton, as Nearchus tells us… But 5 (3+2)
this cotton is either of a brighter white colour than any cotton found elsewhere, CH 8-Other
or the darkness of the Indian complexion makes their apparel look so much the Technologies
whiter. Contrary to their simplicity in general, [Indians] like to adorn
themselves, for they wear apparel embroidered with gold and use ornaments set
with precious stones and wear gay-coloured linen garments and are
accompanied with sun-shades. For, since they esteem beauty, they practise
everything that can beautify their appearance.
Based on this textual material – what can we infer about traditional style of
dressing ?
Draw a comparison with today’s style of dressing and textile material.
Answer
The dress worn by the Indians is made of fine muslin/ cotton cloth. They had
a fine sense of design and dressing and like to adorn ornaments made of gold
and precious stones. They were particular about their appearance.
Any other relevant opinion may be accepted.

25. (i) The Indian concept of education was to prepare students to face the 2
vicissitudes of life. Comment in view of your student life. CH 4-
Answer Educational
Student’s views Practices &
Development of Systems
• Inner values
• Outer values
• fundamental to character building
Any other relevant opinion may be accepted.
(ii) In the Brçhadāranyaka Upaniîad we are told that the path to knowledge 2(1+1)
consists of three stages. Mention any two stages and compare it with CH 4-
your process of learning. Educational
Answer Practices &
• In the first stage, ïravana, students listened intently to the teacher; Systems
• In manana, they thought, reflected and removed any doubts that may
arise.
• In the third stage, nidhidhyasana, students observed carefully,
remembered minutely and mediated on what they had acquired.
Learning process – Observing – remembering – mediating/ contemplating
(Any relevant opinion may be accepted)
(iii) Students living with the teacher led a life of self-control, abstinence, 1
obedience and devotion and regulated their lives by adhering to yama
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(self-restraint) and niyama (five observances). Mention any one niyams CH 4-
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and its importance in your life.
a Educational
Practices &
Answer Systems
Niyama: śauca – purity of body, mind, thought; santoîa – positive contentment;
tapas – austerity; svādhyayā – self- study, introspection; and īśvarapraàidhāna
– faith in and surrender to the gods.
Importance: Any relevant point may be accepted

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26. (i) The friend who is a helper, 3(1+2)
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The friend in weal and woe,
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CH 5-Ethics

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The friend who gives good counsel,
The friend who sympathizes – these the wise man should know ag
ag As his four true friends,
And should devote himself to them.
How far do you agree with the above given text ? Reflect on your life
experiences where you have exhibited these values.
Answer
Students will share their own experiences regarding these values.
(ii) What message do you infer from the text below:
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To stock ill-got wealth is store 2(1+1)
Water in unburnt clay.’
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Answer
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Any relevant point may be accepted.
Answer – may be on these lines:- ag
• ill or wealth – unfair means
• Unburnt clay – a pot that is not baked in the kiln and cannot hold water
effectively.
• the water cannot be stored for long if keep in an unburnt clay pot.
Similarly wealth gotten/ earned through unfair means cannot be retained
and will not provide there security and satisfaction and may be lost easily
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through legal, ill health etc. (any two points)
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India has an ancient tradition in diverse marital arts. Every part of India has CH 6-Martial

ag evolved one or the form of material Art.
Analyse the statement and provide an example from the southern part of India.
Arts

Answer
India has various martial art forms.
The Paikas of Odisha were fierce warriors who developed a particular martial
technique called the ākhādā.
The Meitis of Manipur practised a distinct martial technique called thang-ta,

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which remains a popular martial art in Manipur and in which a spear and a

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sword are the primary weapons.
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Lathi Khela
kuruàòāÅi, which is played with short bamboo sticks roughly of two-palm
length.
Silambam, literally ‘bamboo fight’, a popular martial art of south India.
Valari vīcu uses a kind of boomerang made of wood, ivory or iron. It is a
training in remote resistance of or attack on an enemy.
Gatkā is one of the most popular and ancient marital art in the region of Punjab.
A wooden stick and a shield are usually used in the sparring match and points
are scored when vital spots in the body are touched.
Kalarippayaòòu is believed to be one of the oldest marital arts in existence and
to have originated in Kerala, where it flourished. In Kerala, three styles of
Kalarippayaòòu developed in different regions, the northern, southern and
central styles, with distinct beliefs, practices and methods.
The practice of Kalarippayaòòu takes place in at least five stages. In the first,
the focus is on body fitness. In the second, the student is trained in stick
combat. In the third stage, the student is taught how to handle weapons. A
students is initiated into the fourth stage only after he has been tested and
proved to be trustworthy; this stage consists of training in hand combat. The
final stage of training involves Ayurvedic treatments for body and mind,
techniques of marma (vital points) and therapeutic massages. The student
learns how to treat injuries and diseases resulting from trauma.

SECTION – IV
Q. No. QUESTION
28. (i) How different was the examination system in ancient India as compared 3
to modern times / today. CH 4-
Answer Eduational
Examinations had a different form in the Indian system. In order to Practices &
demonstrate what they learnt, students engaged in the exercise of learned systems
debates and defended their position. Advanced students were often called upon
to teach beginners and, in the process, acquired some valuable teaching
experience as well. Present day education system is pen paper based, online
test and text book based.
Any other relevant opinion may be accepted.
2
(ii) “Learners were taught to grow by pursuing the realisation of puruśārtha
CH 4-
catuîòaya (fours ends of life).” Comment.
Educational
Answer Practices &
Puruśārtha catuîòaya (four ends of life), dharma (righteousness), artha systems
(material wellbeing), kāma (enjoyment) and mokîa (liberation from
worldly ties). Pupils were trained to guide their life in consonance with
dharma, the modelling principle for the individual, the family and the
society.

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29. Asper Bhagwat Gita ‘Dharma’ the concept of performing one’s
and selfless actions lead to attain highest goals of life. gl
a rightness duties 5(1+1+1+1+1)
a
What would be your path to attain the highest good ? Comment in the wake of
CH 5-Ethics

contemporary India.

Answer
Point related to values based upon individual observation and personal views.
• non-violence,
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truthfulness,
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•
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absence of anger,
•
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charity,
•
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forgiveness and self realization,
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• selfless action (niśkāma karma)
• supreme spiritual good
• forgiveness, humanity, simplicity, non-covetousness, austerity, restraint,
purity, renunciation and celibacy
The candidate is excepted to elaborate their answer by writing their individual
observation and personal views.
Any other relevant opinion may be accepted. 5 points based on the given points.

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30.
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Apart from wrestling there were other exercises that were recommended in 5(2+3)

e
order to increase physical strength as a preparation to the mastering of martial CH 6-Martial
s
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arts. Based on your study of the wrestling traditions of the Jyeîòhīmallas. Arts
Provide benefits of any three śramas or exercises and mention three modern
day exercises with similar benefits.a
Answer
Ant three:
Jalaśrama – … Swimming is a good from of exercise, but it was not developed
to a highly competitive stage to which it has reached today. It was more or less
a complimentary exercise which developed chest and arms. This idea seems to
exist as only the underwater breast-stroke, dog paddle or the over-arm trudgen
and back strokes were known. … Modern day exercise swimming-benefits- m
m lungs, stamina, build muscles Pramadā – The heavy gadā, mudgara, kārelā and .co
m .co other types of clubs are used for exercising arms, shoulders, wrists. Modern
s e m
s e day exercise – - Weight lifting
g l a
g la Svāsapreraàikāśrama a
a This does not seem to be any specific exercise, but it suggest the quality of
exercises which develop stamina. These are running, skipping and related types
that induce heavy breathing and train an individual to work hard under the
conditions of ‘oxygen debt’. –
Present day – Aerobics
Alpaśrama
Alpaśrama is noted as light exercise and it is defined as that form which does

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not lead to perspiration or heavy breathing. This definition suggests the amount

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rather than the type of exercises. Such alpaśrama leads to the development of
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strength, improves digestion, feeling of lightness enthusiasm, stops old age,
keeps muscles firm and leads to general development (bçhaàa). – Present day
– Yoga, floor exercises
Sthambhaśrama
Type of exercise on smooth wooden pillars of a number of varieties. Present
day – gymnastics, parallel bus
31. (A) Text material 3(1+1+1)
In the 3rd millennium BCE, Dholavira in the Rann of Kachchh could sustain CHI-
itself in an arid climate only thanks to vast reservoirs and water harvesting on Agriculture-a
a massive scale. In the Ganges plains, embankments, reservoirs, sluices, survey
channels, interconnected tanks, wells of various kinds became common
features in the 1st millennium BCE; in his Arthaśāstra, Kauòilya referred to
many of them and lay down strict rules for the management of water structures.
The rich Indian vocabulary attached to them – kulls, kunds, ahars, pokhars,
khadins, arakere, kolas, surangam, tandgams, eris.
(i) Based on this textual material – what can we infer about the ancient water
management practices ?
Answer
Whether simple or highly sophisticated, water structures have been constructed
in India right from the time of the Indus civilization. India developed variety
of structures for management of water. We had texts related to management of
water structures.
Any other relevant point may be accepted. 3 marks for 3 points
31.(B) Text material 2
India has been an agricultural economy and civilization and has evolved a long, CHI-
rich and divers tradition of agricultural practices. In India as in every country, Agriculture-a
agriculture was an integral part of popular culture and gave rise to annual fairs, survey
cattle melas, festivals and rituals, all of which were occasions for celebration.
Almost every part of India had its own dates and customs for the purpose.
(ii) Based on the text given above – Evaluate the role of agriculture in Indian
communities.
Answer
India has always been regarded as an agricultural nation.
Festivals not only helped to bond local communities together, but have
prompted national integration. So are Holi in the same region, Lohri in Punjab
and neighbouring states, Magh Bihu in Assam, Nabanna in Bengal, Onam in
Keral or Pongal in Tamil Nadu, among others, most of them accompanied with
rituals honouring cows and bullocks.
Economic wellbeing – Annual fairs, cattle melas, festivals and rituals, all of
which were occasions for celebration.
Cross cultural exchange – respect for each other’s culture.
-oOo-

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